RIGHT
HON. LORD KELVIN
AFTER a long life of unwearied industry and unrivalled achievement, Lord Kelvin
stands to-day in a place of universal honour, unquestionably the greatest and
most revered man of science of our time. His grandfather was a Scottish
Ulsterman, tenant of a small farm at Annaghmore, Ballinahinch, County Down. His
father, James Thomson, born there in 1786, intended first to become a
Presbyterian minister, and studied at Glasgow University. But after taking his
degree in 1812 he accepted an appointment as teacher in Belfast Royal Academical
Institution, and became Professor of Mathematics when the collegiate department
was added to that school. He received the degree of LL.D. from Glasgow
University in 1829, and three years later was appointed Professor of Mathematics
in the old College in High Street. Among the many books which he wrote, memoirs
and text-books, Thomson's Arithmetic was in universal use for generations, and
remains justly famous to the present day. He died 12th January, 1849. Of his
sons two became professors in the University of Glasgow.
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, was born at Belfast 26th June, 1824. Eight years
later he removed with the family to Glasgow, and at the age of ten, along with
his brother James, matriculated at Glasgow University Seven years later he went
to St. Peter's College Cambridge, and in 1845 not only took his degree as Second
Wrangler, but came out as first Smith's prizeman. He was twice subsequently
elected a Fellow of his college. After taking his degree he went to Paris, and
wrought for a time in the laboratory of Regnault, at that time working out his
problems regarding unknown properties of steam. In 1846, when no more than
twenty-two years of age, he was offered, and accepted, the Chair of Natural
Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. That chair he occupied for fifty-three
years. During that period he never ceased to make contributions of the utmost
value to the work and progress of the world, but the achievement which appealed
most strongly to the popular mind commenced in 1856. The first attempts were
made to lay a telegraph cable across the Atlantic in 1857, but they failed. The
dramatic moment arrived on the 5th of August, 1858, when a temporary success was
achieved. The first few messages flashed from continent to continent, and were
read on Professor Thomson's mirror galvanometer. There were great rejoicings
everywhere; but gradually the signals became fainter, and then ceased. During
the next seven years preparations for making and laying a stronger cable were
perseveringly worked out; Professor Thomson also greatly improved his
instruments for testing cables and signalling through them. In 1865 another
attempt was made, which failed through the cable breaking in mid-ocean.
Professor Thomson, in a communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, gave
reasons, founded on dynamical theory, for confidently believing that a well
planned effort to lift the broken end from the bottom of the sea, in water two
miles deep, would be successful. The effort was made in 1866, when, after the
laying of a first complete cable successfully across the Atlantic from Ireland
to Newfoundland, the broken end of the 1865 cable was lifted and joined to a
fresh cable on board the Great Eastern, and a second line across the Atlantic
was completed. For his great work in connection with the cable Professor Thomson
received the honour of knighthood. Twenty-six years later, in 1892, he was
raised to the peerage with the title of Baron Kelvin of Largs.
Meanwhile he continued to produce invention after invention. His name is
identified especially with electric and magnetic instruments, but nothing has
been beneath his notice, from improvements in water-taps upwards, and perhaps
his best-known inventions are his wonderful deep-sea sounding apparatus and the
improved mariner's compass now in universal use. He was one of the engineers for
the French Atlantic Cable in 1869, the Brazilian and River Plate Cable in 1873,
the West Indian Cable in 1875, and the Mackay-Bennett Atlantic Cable in 1879. In
1890 he was chairman of the International Commission which reported on plans of
generating and transmitting power from Niagara Falls. And his house at Glasgow
University was the first in Britain to be lit with incandescent electric lamps.
Among his other undertakings, Lord Kelvin was engaged as a witness before many
commissions and in numerous legal cases, in which his vast attainments of
scientific knowledge set his evidence beyond all question. Honours and degrees
were lavished upon him from all quarters of the world, and on the occasion of
the jubilee of his professorship in 1896, there was a three days' festival at
Glasgow University such as had never been known in scientific annals before. The
two thousand five hundred guests received by the Senate included all the most
brilliant and best-known men of science living in the old world and the new.
Upon that occasion a telegram was sent from the library of the University which,
after passing through Newfoundland, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Los
Angeles, New Orleans, Florida, and Washington, travelling 20,000 miles and
traversing the Atlantic twice, was received by Lord Kelvin seven and a half
minutes after its despatch. Nothing perhaps could better show the affection with
which the veteran of science was universally regarded than the world-wide
expressions of anxiety with which the news of his serious illness in 1905 was
received. Among his honours he was a Deputy Lieutenant for Lanarkshire, a member
of the Prussian Order of Merit, a Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honour,
a Commander of the Belgian Order of King Leopold, a Foreign Associate of the
French Academy, and a Foreign Member of the Berlin Academy of Science. He was
President of the British Association in 1871, President of the Royal Society
from 1890 to 1895, and five times President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
In 1904 Glasgow University paid him the highest honour in its power by electing
him its Chancellor. Throughout his life Lord Kelvin continued to make important
contributions to scientific literature. From 1846 to 1853 he edited the
Cambridge Mathematical Journal, and for twenty-five years he was editor of the
Philosophical Magazine, while among his larger works are his Baltimore Lectures
on "The Wave Theory of Light," and, in collaboration with Professor Tait, of
Edinburgh, the celebrated two volumes, "Treatise on Natural Philosophy,"
published in 1867, and the "Elements of Natural Philosophy," published in 1872.
Unlike most men of science, Lord Kelvin was not unmindful of the calls of
citizenship. On the promulgation of Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill he threw
himself, as a native of the North of Ireland, into the political arena, and by
the weight of his opinion and argument helped largely the defeat of that
measure.
His Lordship married, first, in 1852, Margaret, daughter of Walter Crum, of
Thornliebank. She died in 1870, and in 1874 he married Frances-Anne, daughter of
Charles R. Blandy, of Madeira, who survives him. After an illness of three weeks
Lord Kelvin died at his residence, Netherhall, Largs, on Tuesday, 17th December,
1907, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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Index of Glasgow Men (1909)